[94] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious. London & Partners is the official promotional agency for London. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level. [232], Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey. Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom. The cable car crosses the River Thames, and links Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city. [24] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934. A prominent explanation was Richard Coates's 1998 argument that the name derived from pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning "river too wide to ford". The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, a lack of interest in administering these additional areas, or concern by city guilds of having to share power, the Corporation refused. [335], Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. London has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. [33][35], Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. The coach station was initially run by a group of coach companies under the name of London Coastal Coaches; however, in 1970 the service and station were included in the nationalisation of the country's coach services, becoming part of the National Bus Company. to be rejuvenated—1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington. [40][clarification needed] Such usage originated in SMS language, and is often found, on a social media user profile, suffixing an alias or handle. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. As a major hub of the British railway network, London's tracks also carry large amounts of freight for the other regions, such as container freight from the Channel Tunnel and English Channel ports, and nuclear waste for reprocessing at Sellafield. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. To new experiences and diverse perspectives. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university, however the college now issues its own degrees. [331] But, out of a total population of London, city, capital of the United Kingdom. While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, there are two professional rugby league clubs in London—the London Broncos in the second-tier RFL Championship, who play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground in West Ealing, and the third-tier League 1 team, the London Skolars from Wood Green, Haringey. [383][384], In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. ", "Why Easyjet? [113] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but a majority of London constituencies voted to remain in the EU. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. London has played a significant role in the film industry. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[70] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. [162][163][164] Nevertheless, despite its relatively low annual precipitation, London still receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually—higher than, or at least very similar to, the aforementioned cities. [225] In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. [129][130] The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. [276] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy. ", "What's The Coldest It's Ever Been in London? Over 7 million residents in 2001", "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore", "Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition", "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List", "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report", "UK's oldest hand-written document 'at Roman London dig, "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall", "British History Timeline - Roman Britain", "A History of British Architecture — White Tower", "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building", "BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death", "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665", "BBC - History - British History in depth: London After the Great Fire", "PBS - Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street", "National Affairs: Capital Punishment: A Fading Practice", "Amsterdam and London as Financial Centers in the Eighteenth Century", "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson", "Hidden extras: cholera comes to Victorian London", "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation", "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain", "Swinging Sixties: Take a walk down Chelsea's King's Road in the '60s", "Timeline – Worst IRA bomb attacks on mainland Britain", "London Isn't Burning: How Britain's History With the IRA Made it Resilient in the Face of Attack", "London's population hits 8.6m record high", "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control", "The Thames Barrier has saved London – but is it time for TB2? 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